Black Friday is today. Where does and from is the name?? It sounds suspicious

Black Friday is the Friday after Thanksgiving in the United States. It traditionally marks the start of the Christmas shopping season and is the busiest shopping day of the year in the United States. Many stores offer highly promoted sales at heavily discounted prices and often open early, sometimes as early as midnight[2] or even on Thanksgiving. Some stores’ sales continue to Monday (“Cyber Monday“) or for a week (“Cyber Week“).

“Black Friday” has evolved in meaning and impact over the years, initially referring to calamitous days, with a notable early instance being Black Friday (1869) in the US. This financial crisis saw a dramatic plunge in gold prices, affecting investors. The term was later used in American retail, starting ambiguously in the 1950s. Initially associated with workforce absence post-Thanksgiving, it was reinterpreted by Philadelphia police to describe the shopping-induced congestion. Attempts at rebranding to “Big Friday” failed, and the term “Black Friday” solidified by the 1980s, referring to the pivotal point where retailers purportedly shifted from loss (“in the red”) to profit (“in the black”).

The concept has since globalized, with countries around the world adopting “Black Friday” sales to mimic the U.S. phenomenon, adjusting local customs or creating similar events. The advent of online shopping and events like “Cyber Monday” have expanded the traditional one-day shopping frenzy into a broader holiday shopping season, diluting the singular focus of Black Friday, and expanding its economic impact.

For centuries, the adjective “black” has been applied to days upon which calamities occurred. Many events have been described as “Black Friday”, although the most significant such event in American history was the Panic of 1869, which occurred when financiers Jay Gould and James Fisk took advantage of their connections with the Grant Administration in an attempt to corner the gold market. When President Grant learned of this manipulation, he ordered the Treasury to release a large supply of gold, which halted the run and caused prices to drop by 18%. Fortunes were made and lost in a single day, and the president’s own brother-in-law, Abel Corbin, was ruined.

The earliest known use of “Black Friday” to refer to the day after Thanksgiving occurred in the journal, Factory Management and Maintenance, for November 1951, and again in 1952. Here it referred to the practice of workers calling in sick on the day after Thanksgiving, in order to have a four-day weekend. However, this use does not appear to have caught on. Around the same time, the terms “Black Friday” and “Black Saturday” came to be used by the police in Philadelphia and Rochester to describe the crowds and traffic congestion accompanying the start of the Christmas shopping season. In 1961, the city and merchants of Philadelphia attempted to improve conditions, and a public relations expert recommended rebranding the days “Big Friday” and “Big Saturday”, but these terms were quickly forgotten.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

The use of the phrase spread slowly, first appearing in The New York Times on November 29, 1975, in which it still refers specifically to “the busiest shopping and traffic day of the year” in Philadelphia. Although it soon became more widespread, The Philadelphia Inquirer reported in 1985 that retailers in Cincinnati and Los Angeles were still unaware of the term.[13]

As the phrase gained national attention in the early 1980s, merchants objecting to the use of a derisive term to refer to one of the most important shopping days of the year suggested an alternative derivation: that retailers traditionally operated at a financial loss for most of the year (January through November) and made their profit during the holiday season, beginning on the day after Thanksgiving.[7] When this was recorded in the financial records, once-common accounting practices would use red ink to show negative amounts and black ink to show positive amounts. Black Friday, under this theory, is the beginning of the period when retailers would no longer be “in the red”, instead of taking in the year’s profits.[7][13][14] The earliest known published reference to this explanation occurs in The Philadelphia Inquirer for November 28, 1981.[15]

Since the early 21st century, there have been attempts by U.S.-based retailers to introduce a retail “Black Friday” to other countries around the world. Retailers outside the US have attempted to promote the day to remain competitive with US-based online retailers.[16]

In more recent decades, global retailers have adopted the term and date to market their own holiday sales.[17]

History

Thanksgiving’s relationship to Christmas shopping led to controversy in the 1930s. Retail stores would have liked to have a longer shopping season, but no store wanted to break with tradition and be the one to start advertising before Thanksgiving. For this reason, in 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued a presidential proclamation proclaiming Thanksgiving to be the fourth Thursday in November rather than the last Thursday, meaning in some years one week earlier, in order to lengthen the Christmas shopping season.[18] Most people adopted the President’s change, which was later reinforced by an act of Congress, but many continued to celebrate Thanksgiving on the traditional date.[18]

In 2015, Amazon.com was the first to offer “Black Friday in July” deals on what they called “Prime Day”, promising better deals than on Black Friday. Amazon repeated the practice in 2016 and 2017, and other companies began offering similar deals.[19]

Analyst Marshal Cohen of The NPD Group claimed in 2020 that Black Friday is declining in favor of online shopping,[20] and that the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated this process. The pandemic also resulted in holiday deals being offered over a longer period of time, even as early as October.[21] Fewer people shopped in person on Black Friday 2020, and most business took place online. Market research company Numerator said sellers of clothing, tools and other items considered nonessential during lockdowns were not promoted as heavily because lower production meant less available to sell.[22] Adobe Analytics reported that online sales reached $9 billion in 2020, 22% more than the previous year. Foot traffic to stores fell 48% in 2020 from last year, according to RetailNext, while Sensormatic Solutions reported a 52% decrease.[23]

For many years, retailers pushed opening times on Black Friday earlier and earlier, eventually reaching midnight, before opening on the evening of Thanksgiving. Kmart opened its stores on Thanksgiving as early as 1991, and was open on Thanksgiving Day for many years.[24] In 2009, Kmart manager Freddy Moss opened at 7 p.m. on Thanksgiving in order to allow shoppers to avoid Black Friday traffic and return home in time for dinner with their families. Two years later, a number of retailers began opening at 8 p.m. or 9 p.m., on what became derisively known as “Black Thursday”. In subsequent years, other stores followed this trend, opening earlier and earlier on Thanksgiving, or remaining open all day, beginning in the early morning hours.[25][26] Some retail and media sources have used the terms “Gray Thursday” or “Brown Thursday” instead.[27][28][29]

Africa

Egypt

Black Friday, in Egypt, started in 2014, being introduced as White Friday. The change of name was due to religious, traditional, and cultural concepts.[36][37]

Libya

Black Friday deals started in Libya since 2019, also introduced as White Friday due to religious, traditional and cultural concepts.[38]

Nigeria

Black Friday deals were first introduced in 2014 in Nigeria.

Botswana

Black Friday is observed in Botswana.

South Africa

In South Africa Black Friday was introduced in 2014.

Asia

Pakistan

The use Black Friday shopping festival terminology started in 2014 in major cities of Pakistan which later changed with “Blessed Friday” due to the religious reasons and welcomed by all religions and ethnic societies of Pakistan. Now Blessed Friday (Black Friday) shopping festival is being observed regularly all over Pakistan.

India

The holiday shopping season in India has traditionally been aligned around the “festive period” of major festivals usually falling around October or November, such as Diwali.[39][40][41] Similar to U.S.-style shopping events such as Black Friday, online retailers adopted the practice of holding multi-day promotions during this period, such as Amazon’s “Great Indian Festival” and Flipkart’s “Big Billion Days”. India’s Independence Day (August 15) had also recently attracted similar events.[41][42]

Nonetheless, the concept of Black Friday has also been imported into the subcontinent via international retailers – a move that influenced some Indian retailers to also adopt the promotion.[41][43]

Iran

Like other countries in West Asia, Black Friday is very popular.

Lebanon

Lebanon was exposed to black Friday around 2014.

Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, black Friday started when a local e-commerce platform noon.com created Yellow Friday Sale which is now an annual event.

United Arab Emirates

U.A.E. Black Friday started as White Friday campaign in 2014. In 2018 local e-commerce platform noon.com created Yellow Friday in the U.A.E.. The Yellow Friday Sale is now an annual event in U.A.E., falling around the same time as Black Friday globally.[citation needed]

Europe

Belgium

Black Friday in Belgium is seriously marketed by retailers since 2016. Especially online shops have broke sales records during the last edition of Black Friday, which provides a base for further growth of popularity of Black Friday in Belgium. After 2016, Black Friday in Belgium has grown strongly. The participating shops have increased to over seventy during the Black Friday period of 2017. During Black Friday 2018, a total of 119 participating stores were measured in Belgium.[citation needed]

Denmark

In Denmark, Black Friday is widely practiced.

Finland

Black Friday sale is very popular.

France

French businesses are slowly introducing the Black Friday custom into the market.[44] Discounts of up to 85% were given by retailing giants such as Apple and Amazon in 2014.[45] French electronics retailers such as FNAC and Auchan advertised deals online, while Darty also took part in this once-a-year monster sale. Retailers favored the very American term “Black Friday” to “Vendredi noir” in their advertisements.[46] In 2016, because of the terror attacks in Paris in November the year before, some retailers used the name “Jour XXL” (XXL day) instead of Black Friday.[47] An alternative was brought up by some online businesses in 2018, called “French Days”,[48] which goal is to replicate Black Friday during spring season (starting around the first day of May).

On November 20, 2020, the French government finalized an agreement with e-commerce businesses like Amazon and supermarket chains to postpone Black Friday promotions by a week. Discounted shopping promotions were to begin on December 4 instead, after physical stores shuttered during the COVID-19 pandemic were allowed to reopen.[49]

Germany

In Germany, “Black Friday” retailer advertisements refer to “Black Week” and “Black Shopping” in English with sales lasting an entire week (excluding Sundays when most retail stores are closed). During this sales period, stores keep their normal working hours. Although goods are offered at reduced prices, the prices are not cut significantly more than normal weekly price reductions. Apple was the first company to run a special Black Friday campaign for the German market in 2006.[50] Apple never used the name Black Friday in Germany, but promotes only a “one-day shopping event”.[51] In the first years, mostly internet retailers have used the event as an occasion to attract new customers with discounts, but bricks and mortar stores have already begun to adapt.

Greece

Black Friday sale was popularized in 2016.

Ireland

Black Friday was introduced in 2014.[52]

Italy

2014 marked the introduction of black Friday in Italy.

Latvia

In 2017, Black Friday became widely popular in Latvia. There was even a Black week and Black week-end sales in shopping centres.[citation needed]

Liechtenstein

In Liechtenstein, Black Friday Sale is a joint sales initiative by hundreds of online vendors. Over its first 24-hour run on November 28, 2013, more than 1.2 million people visited the site, making it the single largest online shopping event in German-speaking countries.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, Black Friday was seriously introduced in 2015. Some years before, there were already a number of large and small retailers that used Black Friday in their marketing. However, with a total of 35 participating stores, 2015 can be considered the year in which Black Friday started in the Netherlands due to a more widespread support of large retailers. The popularity of Black Friday has grown rapidly in the Netherlands. The number of participating stores has increased to over 125 during the Black Friday period of 2017. For the 2018 edition, 166 shops joined the largest black Friday platform in the Netherlands.[citation needed]

Norway

In Norway, Black Friday started as a publicity stunt campaign back in 2010 to increase the sales to the shopping mall Norwegian Outlet. Since the introduction, it has been promoted every year in a larger and growing market all over the country.[53]

Poland

There has been growing interest for Black Friday in Poland as well.[54]

Romania

The concept was imported in Romania by eMAG [ro] and Flanco in 2011 and became bigger each year. The two reported the biggest Black Friday sales in 2014. eMAG sold products worth some 37 million euros while Flanco’s sales totaled 22 million euros. Hundreds of retailers announced their participation in the 2015 campaign.[55]

In 2015, 11 million Romanians say they have heard about Black Friday which is 73% of the 15 million people target segment; 6.7 million plan on buying something on biggest shopping event of the year in Romania.[56]

In Romania, Black Friday is two weeks before the US Black Friday.

Spain

In 2015, Spain joined with some small retailers. The celebration became more famous year by year, until the big retailers grew.[citation needed]

Sweden

In Sweden, Black Friday is widely practiced.[57]

Switzerland

In 2015, Swiss retailer Manor was the first to launch a special Black Friday promotion. The year after, most Swiss retailers launched special offers during the Black Friday Week. This year, sales of 470 million Swiss francs are expected. Although Singles Day initially grew in importance, it has now become significantly less relevant than Black Friday in Switzerland.[58]

Turkey

Efsane Cuma, or “Legendary Friday,” is the Turkish version of Black Friday – a major shopping event that falls on the last Friday of November. Efsane Cuma offers customers substantial discounts, promotions, and special deals across a variety of products, from electronics to clothing. This sales period has gained popularity in Turkey as both online and brick-and-mortar stores attract large crowds seeking bargains, often extending the deals for a few days or even over a week.

Ukraine

In 2016, Black Friday was introduced in Ukraine.[59]

United Kingdom

See also: Boxing Day § Shopping

In the United Kingdom, the term “Black Friday” originated within the police and NHS to refer to the Friday before Christmas. It is the day when emergency services activate contingency plans to cope with the increase in workload due to many people going out drinking on the last Friday before Christmas. These plans can include setting up mobile field hospitals near city centre nightspots.[60] The term has then been adopted outside those services to refer to the evening and night of the Friday immediately before Christmas, and would now be considered a mainstream term and not simply as jargon of the emergency services.

Traditionally, Boxing Day had been considered the biggest shopping day of the year in the UK. However in the 2010s, several American-owned retailers, such as Amazon UK and the Walmart-owned chain Asda, began to hold U.S.-style Black Friday promotions; in 2014, more British retailers began to adopt the concept, including Argos, John Lewis, and Very. That year, police forces were called to shops across Britain to deal with crowd control issues, assaults, threatening customers, and traffic issues.[61][62] In response to incidents at branches of Tesco, Greater Manchester Police’s deputy chief constable Ian Hopkins said shoppers had behaved in an “appalling” fashion, and criticized shops for not making adequate security arrangements to ensure the safety of customers.”[63] Following these incidents, some retailers began to discontinue or heavily modify their promotions, with Asda stating that it would not hold all of its sales across a single day.[64][65][66]

In 2016, total spending on online retail sites on Black Friday was £1.23 billion, a 2.2% year-over-year increase over 2015.[Needs updating][67][68] In 2017, UK retail sales in November grew faster than in December for the first time.[69][70]

In Welsh, Black Friday is known by some as Dydd Gwener y Gwario Gwirion (Silly Spending Friday).[71]

Historically, it was common for Black Friday sales to extend throughout the following week-end. However, this practice has largely disappeared in recent years, perhaps because of an effort by retailers to create a greater sense of urgency.

The news media usually give heavy play to reports of Black Friday shopping and their implications for the commercial success of the Christmas shopping season, but the relationship between Black Friday sales and retail sales for the full holiday season is quite weak and may even be negative.[89]

Camping overnight at a Best Buy store on Thursday, November 22, 2012

On April 23, 2014, “.blackfriday” joined a growing list of ICANN top-level domains (such as – traditionally – .com, .net, and .org).[91][92]

In Australia, the term is controversial,[97][98] as prior to its popularisation as a shopping day, it referred not to shopping at all, but to the devastating Black Friday bushfires that occurred in Victoria 1938–39.[97][98][99][100]

2015

Several people fighting at a mall in Florence, Kentucky, allegedly over a pair of Air Jordan sneakers. This year was called “The worst Black Friday brawls in history” at that time due to the heavy use of smartphones that could instantly capture video.[130]

This just highlights that some retailers have not taken the necessary steps to prepare for Black Friday. Failing to prepare for peak can cause poor performance, site downtime, and ultimately lost revenue for retailers”.[140] Such carelessness results in huge reputational damage. Moreover, the 2017 Veeam Availability Report in South Africa found that “Unplanned downtime costs organisations around the world an average of R270m annually, up from the R210m of the previous year”.[141]

These are various day-long events similar to Black Friday around the world or any other events on the same day as Black Friday.

Boxing Day

Buy Nothing Day on the same day

Circular Monday, a grassroots movement, database and shopping day for circular consumption

Cyber Monday, three days later

Giving Tuesday, four days later

Green Monday

Native American Heritage Day on the same day

Prime Day, a discounted retail day servicing Amazon.com customers

Singles’ Day, a shopping day popular in China that occurs on November 11.

Small Business Saturday on the following day

Super Saturday (Panic Saturday)

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Capoot, Ashley (26 November 2022). “Blac